For this debate, “pillarization” is a form of social organization in which a society is divided into separate religious, ideological, or class-based communities (“pillars”), each with parallel institutions across major areas of life.
In the Netherlands, pillarization emerged in the late nineteenth century as Catholics, orthodox Protestants, and socialists built parallel institutions to contest liberal dominance over education, public funding, and democratic representation. Dutch society was divided into Catholic, Protestant, socialist, and liberal pillars until the system gradually eroded in the 1960s and 1970s. Pillar organizations included schools, hospitals, social clubs, political parties, media organizations, and other institutions, so many people received news, education, social services, social connection, and political representation through their pillar institutions. Pillarization also involved elite compromise across pillars, proportional allocation of public resources, and substantial autonomy for each community’s institutions. The Catholic, Protestant, and socialist pillars generally had denser institutional networks than the liberal pillar.